4. R.J. Hurlbert, C.H. Tator, and E. Theriault, “Dose-response study of the pathological effects

of chronically applied direct current stimulation on the normal rat spinal cord.” Journal of

Neurosurgery, vol. 79, no. 6, 1993, pp. 905–916.

5. M.J. Lei Yao, Peng Li, “A pulse-width-adaptive active charge balancing circuit with pulse-

insertion based residual charge compensation and quantization for electrical stimulation

applications.” IEEE Asian Solid-State Circuits Conference, 2015, pp. 1–4.

6. Z. Chen, X. Liu, and Z. Wang, “A charge balancing technique for neurostimulators.” Analog

Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing, vol. 105, no. 3, 2020, pp. 483–496.

7. R.B. Stein, T.R. Nichols, J. Jhamandas, L. Davis, and D. Charles, “Stable long-term recordings

from cat peripheral nerves.” Brain Research, vol. 128, no. 1, 1977, pp. 21–38.

8. M. Ashayeri and M. Yavari. “A front-end amplifier with tunable bandwidth and high

value pseudo resistor for neural recording implants.” Microelectronics Journal, vol. 119,

2022, p. 105333.

9. Y. Xiang and Y. Lu, “Using personal glucose meters and functional DNA sensors to quantify

a variety of analytical targets.” Nature Chemistry, vol. 3, no. 9, 2011, pp. 697–703.

10. Y. Xiang and Y. Lu, “Portable and quantitative detection of protein biomarkers and small

molecular toxins using antibodies and ubiquitous personal glucose meters.” Analytical

Chemistry, vol. 84, no. 9, 2012, pp. 4174–4178.

11. Y. Xiang and Y. Lu, “Using commercially available personal glucose meters for portable

quantification of DNA.” Analytical Chemistry, vol. 84, no. 4, 2012, pp. 1975–1980.

12. Y. Huang and A.J. Mason, “Lab-on-CMOS integration of microfluidics and electrochemical

sensors.” Lab on a Chip, vol. 13, no. 19, 2013, pp. 3929–3934.

13. H.M. Jafari, K. Abdelhalim, L. Soleymani, E.H. Sargent, S.O. Kelley, and R. Genov,

“Nanostructured CMOS wireless ultra-wideband label-free PCR-free DNA analysis SoC.”

IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 49, no. 5, 2014, pp. 1223–1241.

14. K.B. Parizi, A.J. Yeh, A.S.Y. Poon, and H.-S.P. Wong, “Exceeding Nernst limit (59mV/pH):

CMOS-based pH sensor for autonomous applications.” International Electron Devices Meeting,

2012, pp. 24.7.1–24.7.4.

15. G. Nabovati, E. Ghafar-Zadeh, A. Letourneau, and M. Sawan, “Towards high throughput

cell growth screening: A new CMOS 8x8 biosensor array for life science applications.” IEEE

Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, vol. 11, no. 2, 2017, pp. 380–391.

16. N.T. Ali Othman, H. Obara, A. Sapkota, and M. Takei, “Measurement of particle migration in

micro-channel by multi-capacitance sensing method.” Flow Measurement and Instrumentation,

vol. 45, 2015, pp. 162–169.

17. J. Legrand, B. Loenders, A. Vos, L. Schoevaerdts, and E. vander Poorten, “Integrated capa­

citance sensing for miniature artificial muscle actuators.” IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 20, no. 3,

2019, pp. 1363–1372.

18. S.B. Prakash and P. Abshire, “A fully differential rail-to-rail capacitance measurement circuit

for integrated cell sensing.” IEEE Sensors Conference, 2007, pp. 1444–1447.

19. S. Forouhi, R. Dehghani, and E. Ghafar-Zade, “Toward high throughput core-CBCM CMOS

capacitive sensors for life science applications: A novel current-mode for high dynamic range

circuitry.” Sensors, vol. 18, no. 10, 2018, article 3370.

20. M. Dandin, Im Deok Jung, Menake Piyasena, James Gallagher, Nicole Nelson, Mario

Urdaneta, Chantelle Artis, Pamela Abshire, and Elisabeth Smela. “Post-CMOS packaging

methods for integrated biosensors.” IEEE Sensors Conference, 2009, pp. 795–798.

21. B.P. Senevirathna, S. Lu, M. Dandin, E. Smela, and P.A. Abshire. “Correlation of capaci­

tance and microscopy measurements using image processing for a Lab-on-CMOS micro­

system.” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, vol. 13, no. 6, 2019,

pp. 1214–1225.

22. B.P. Senevirathna, S. Lu, M. Dandin, E. Smela, and P. Abshire. “Lab-on-CMOS capacitance

sensor array for real-time cell viability measurements with I2C readout.” IEEE International

Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 2016, pp. 2863–2866.

CMOS Bioelectronics

105